Korean Version

 

The Characteristics and aesthetics of Korean Porcelain
Choi, Kun Chief Curator of Haegang Ceramic Museum

1. Introduction As Koreans, we presently live in an age when there is a need to preserve Korean uniqueness whiled achieving worldwide universalism. If the achievement of universalism became our only goal, we would surrender the creative spirit of our culture and will become mere copiers of other advanced cultures. On the other hand, if we only emphasize the importance of Korean uniqueness, we would deviate from the general world trend and it will be difficult for us not to become isolated. Only if a workable balance between the two can be created can we anticipate true progress and ability to contribute to human progress. The problem of generalization versus uniqueness has always existed in progressive stages of Korean ceramics. The adoption of advanced Chinese ceramic culture was, at the time, the best way to approach generalized world standard, while the creation for inlaid celadon technique was an example of unique Korean specification which not only contributed to the development of Korean ceramics but which became a quality that became embraced by other cultures and further enriched the ceramic history of the world. The works included in this exhibition are a result of the endeavors of the Japanese potters to achieve generalized world standard 400 years ago.

Endeavors certainly did become a foundation for the establishment of present Japan. Concerning the Japanese ceramic culture, most Koreans are reminded with pride of the Korean potters who were brought to Japan as prisoners 400 years ago. At the same time, there is a tendency to compensate for the present depression by glorifying the past golden era. However, our efforts at glorifying our historical heritage in order to use it as a basis for our present comfort and hope for the future will only result in the distorted view of history. We can find the true meaning that past history bestows on us only by objectively viewing our history, and based on such meaning, we should create an opportunity through which we may enlarge our creative world. 2. The Formulation and Development of Korean Porcelain Culture For a thousand years, from the late Northern and Southern periods (mid-9th C.) to the present time, the environment surrounding the production of , and the society's interest in, porcelain continuously changed. The development of Korean porcelain can be divided into three stages. * The First Stage (a period of celadon for 600 years) (mid-9th C.-15th C.) The starting point for the production of porcelain in Korea was not much later than that of the Chinese. Chinese porcelains were already imported and used in parts of the country during third or fourth centuries, when Chinese began making early porcelains. In the eighth to ninth centuries, Chinese porcelains became more refined and popular, which further increased the people's admiration for fine quality porcelain. This sort of positive recognition and the high-level technical basis that was achieved after the Three Kingdoms period in Korea in making high-fired glazed earthenware motivated Koreans to learn and execute Chinese techniques for themselves. This postinite attitude towards adopting Chinese ceramic technical became the direct cause in making Korea the second country to produce porcelain.In other words,the main drive behind production of celadon was self-motivated choice and endeavors. Korean celadon,which developed as a result of such self-motivated drive followed a different path then that of China.The high spirituality of the Korean peoples and their search for the ideal Buddhist world,combined with their unique sense of aesthetics,enabled them to achieve techniques that made the production of Pi-saek celadon,inlaid celadon and celadon with under glaze copper possible.Although during such period white porcelain,black-glazed porcelain and others were also produced,it was celadon that reached the highest levels of creativity and liveliness. The Second Stage:a period of white porcelain for 500 years (15th C.-19th C.) The first 150 years of this stage was characterized by punch'ong ware which evolved from the inlaid celadon of the late Koryo period(14th C.).The remainder of the period was dominated by white porcelain which had already appeared in the early Koryo period (10th C.) but became further developed in the fourteenth century due to the introduction of Chinese white porcelain. It was a time when the greasiest of the world trends in celadon culture,centered upon China,was a movement towards white porcelain from celadon.For a white,puch'ong ware and white porcelain coexisted,but gradually white porcelain overwhelmed punch'ong due to the increasing demand for and use of white porcelain,so that punch'ong disappeared after having fullfilled its historical function mission.At first,white porcelain was produced through the total adoption of Chinese techniques of producing white porcelain.However,the shapes and aesthetics were gradually altered to suit the ideologies and customs of Choson society.Choson white porcelain was based on the Neo-Confucian principles of frugality and beauty of character.Therefore,the decorative tendencies that are character of Chinese and Japanese aristocratic circled and which are illustrated in their multi-glazed wares and ostentatious gold-colored porcelains were rejected by the conservative Koryo society.Of course,it was only thus natural that,Choson plain white porcelain,which was based on ideals of spiritual value lost its competitiveness in the modern era which most values mercantilism,and almost disappeared. Although various types of ceramics appeared and disappeared during this period,such as punch'ong Choson celadon,celadon with white clay,black porcelain,and ash-glazed stoneware,it was white porcelain that dominated the ceramics culture. .

The Third Stage:A period of loss of the initiative for 100 years (20th C.) It can be claimed that this was a period when loss of initiative took place,and that during this time the center of world ceramic culture moved away from the East Asian region to the European countries.The first half of the period was a dark era during which involuntary changes compelled by frequent warfare,the transformation from a agricultural to an industrial society,and conflicts of ideologies were imposed in the society during a short period of time.Thus,ceramic culture fell into a market of mercantilism dominated by the European countries instead of being further advanced through new investigations. The main goals of the Korean society during the later part of the period were simply industrialization and modernization.Although since 1950s,there has been some effort by a number of pioneering intellectuals to revive and improve our heritage,and potters who receive professional training at academics are being turned out,the current Korean ceramics culture has not yet gone beyond the period of lost initiative. As reviewed thus far,during the first and second of the three developmental stages,Koreans selectively and positively accepted Chinese ceramic culture in order to further their own progress.However,the third stage was a time when we were forced to follow trends without being allowed to go through the stage of self-motivation and determination. Therefore,to enlighten the characteristics of Korean ceramic culture,we must pay attention to the first and second stages,not the third stage(involuntary period). 3.Characteristics of Korean Porcelain Physical,formal and social aspects are used in the evaluating of the traits of porcelain.when some elements are special of superior relative to others,they may be isolated and classified as characteristics.Of course,when the three elements are organically harmonized and balanced,these works are eligible as objects for aesthetic evaluation.For an analysis of the social determinant,please refer to the previous article` The History of Korean Ceramics',as well as chapter II of this article. 1) The Physical Characteristics The physical characteristics that are determined by the materials and techniques used in the production of porcelain are many,but the most notable trait in connection with Chinese ceramics is the color and quality of the glaze and clay. Although,the glazes of Korean celadon,punch'ong and white porcelain are somewhat different from each other,they are largely similar in their clear and transparent quality.The color of celadon is a mixture of the color and quality of the glaze and clay. Although, the glazes of Korean celadon, qunch'ong and white porcelain are somewhat different from each other, they are largely similar in their clear and transparent quaility. The color of celadon is a mixture of the color of grayish blue clay seen through a greenish, translucent glaze. The color of punch'ong and white porcelain are revealed similarity through a transparent glaze. However, in the case of Chinese celadon, glaze has its own color, usually being semi-transparent or opaque, so that the color of the clay rarely shows through the color of the gauze. Thus, the color of Chinese celadon is the color of its glaze, giving it a feeling of coolness and rigidity. On the other hand, the color of Korean celadon is called the color of glaze atop clay. The surface tone is thus soft and warm since the glaze radiates the color of the clay underneath. In that the color of Korean celadon achieves depth while revealing the quality of clay, owing to the effect of its translucent glaze, it is a unique physical trait of Koryo celadon that contrasts with the opaque character of Chinese celadon. In the twelfth century, the color of glaze and clay in Koryo celadon was called Pi-saek (jade color)differentiating it from the Pi-saek (secret color)of Chinese celadon, In China, Koryo celadon's Pi-saek was regarded as the best in the wold, even ranking above the famous chinese celadons from Yao-chou, Lin-ju and Yueh-chou. The trait of Korean celadon revealing the quality of clay is suitable for carving patterns on the surface. The delicate expression created by the use of incised and raised carvings, creation of the inlaid technique using black and white clays, and the underglaze copper red method used with oxidized copper are the results of having deep concern for the harmonizing glaze and clay. The tradition of combining glaze and clay was continued in the production of to punch'ong and white porcelain. The effect of inlaid punch'ong, under glaze white slip, under glaze blue, under glaze iron, and under glaze copper in white porcelain are evidences of the physical trait of Korean ceramics which aim to reveal the essence of translucent glaze, clay and pigments.

 

2) The Formative Characteristics Prior to the advent of porcelain, the general use of potteries spread with primary emphasis on their practical value. Therefore, the modeling of potteries was determined by factors such as easiness in production, daily functional value, mass production, and cheapness, which were earned through experience and long practice. However, porcelains which was later introduced, were created on the baas of new aesthetic onceptions of the users who constiuted the upper class of society. The model of Koryo celadon in the progressive period (10th C.)was derived from the shapes of stonewares, metalworks, and Chinese porcelains. The shapes of punch'ong and early white porcelain were also imitated from various models such as celadon, metalworks, stonewares and celadon formed vertical lineage in that such relationship signified the passage of shared tradition in forms. However, in terms of lateral relationship, the metalworks and Chinese porcelains were of the particularties of Korean form in that they represented shapes that were new to the tradition that became accomodated. These individual formative elements, developed from various models, began to unify and harmonize throughout the periods of celadon (11th C.)and white porcelain (after late 15th C.). The sharpness and meticulousness in structure that are characteristics of metalworks, expansive voluminousness of Chinese porcelains, and their perfect decorative tendency together with a formative quality of stone wares, which were obtained through a lifetime of experiences, were well harmonized into the smooth and voluminous natures, and elimination of excessive ornamentation and unnecessary structures through moderation and abbreviation. Moderation, one of the formative characteristics of Korean porcelain, does not refer to the discarding of the essence of forms by excessive abbreviation or simplification but it signifies an emphasis on the essence of form by elimination excessive exaggeration and unnecessary ornamental elements. This kind of attitude aims at accommodation the physical nature of clays and allowing porcelains to achieve formative characteristics that are most true to porcelain. 4. The Aesthetics of Lorean Porcelain There are various views concerning the aesthetical impression theat Korean porcelain gives, depending on the individual taste and tendencies of viewers. Concerning forms, there are phrases about 'the beauty of plainness,' 'the beauty of naturalness', and 'the beauty of desolation.' These expressions do not refer to celadon, punch'ong and white porcelain in their mature stages but appeared to be reserved for the immature Korean porcelains whichclearly differ from the Chinese and Japanese porcelains when compared to their meticulousness and perfection in terms of form. However,`plainness',`generous largess e'and`tendency towards naturalness 'are generalized characteristics and cannot be made traits of beauty than are representative of Korean porcelain.Rather,the characteristic beauty that appears at the mature stage of Korean porcelain is that of the elegance and ideal beauty that define Korean celandine,and the beauty of purity achieved in white porcelain. The descriptions of painlessness and deliberate unskillfulness also describes general tendencies in ordinary artwork and are not suitable as expressions that explain celadon,punch'ong and white porcelain that require a high level of knowledge and complicated technical skills. Of coures,it is difficult to define the aesthetic quality which remains constant in Korean porcelain.However,such quality may be divided and expalined in terms of the tendency towards investigating the essence of nature and the beauty of liveness that passes from the porrers to the viewer,based on the two comparative characteristics which were discussed in the foregoing chapter. 1) The Beauty of Naturalness There are various meanings that may be attributed to the concept of naturalness,such as naturalness as contrary to artificiality,contrary to compulsion,contrary to prohibition,etc.The beauty of naturalness in ceramicart is a general characteristic which is not unique to Korean ceramics but is a trait that is found in ceramics made in any localities of the world.Chinese Yueh-chou celadon,Japanese Hizen ware,and Italian Maiolica painted ware are characterized by their own qualities of naturalness.By naturalness as used in this article,it is meant to signify the characteristic that is unique to clay as a material:in other words,the essence of clay,as part of nature. In the previous chapter,it was clarified that the physical and formative characteristics of Korean porcelain lie in the complete revealation of the nature of clay resulting from the use of transparent glaze,and the form that adapted to the qualities of clay without exaggeration or over-extension.In particular,Chinese celadon[see plate1]shows expanding volume and sharp lines in form but Korean celadon [see plate2] which is similar in form shows tendencies towards reduction of excessive voluminousness and smoothing of the sharpness in lines. These changes resulted from favoring tendency towards adjusting and accommodating the nature of clay. The formative characteristic that is common not only to Koryo celadon but also to punch'ong and white porcelain,in their most flourished moment,is the beauty of naturalness that sought to respect and investugate the qualities of the natural materials,the realization of which remained a constant aim of Korean ceramics. 2) The Beauty of Liveliness Although ceramics are physical objects in terms of daily use,they can be sublimated into living objects if spiritual values are attributed to them. The world trend in ceramics aimed at a perfection of structure combined with meticulous decorativeness together with a concern for the function of ceramics as craft decorations for the beautification of daily living conditions.Such tendency may be a required cindition of an industrial society,but is incomplete as an artistic goal. Instead of pursuing the structural perfection and elaborate decoration as were the cases in Chinese and Japanese ceramics,Korean porcelains were characterized by simple patterns and broad empty spaces. The empty space emphasized the meaning of patterns and reserves a place for the aesthetic experience that may by gained through unlimited infinited imagination. The aesthetic keypoint in a celadon made in the midtwelfth century[see plate3] is simple patterns which were generally carved at the lower part,and the broad unfilled space.The patterns lyrically suggest the eternal aesthetic emotion felt for an ideal world that viewers are longing for; while the unfilled space brings the patterns into the context of a broader space and plays the symbolic role of recalling the life force of the universe.In comparision,Chinese Ting-yao white porcelain [see plate4 ] of the same period is close to perfection in terms of its sharp and desciplined form and meticulousness in the structure of patterns, but such perfection implies the completeness of creativeness process at the hands of the maker and does not leave room for the viewers to recreate their aesthetic emotions through their imagination. Chinese and Japanese five-colored porcelain of the eighteenth century [ see plate 5,6 ] also shows the rigid division of surface,and their patterns generally either accurately repeat a subject or perfectly poryray dramatic scenes. This tendency promises a successful ornamental effect but limits aesthetic feeling to that of the potter which viewers can only share and not create. However,Korean porcelain[see plate7]seeks the essence of beauty by eliminating unnecessary elements from the subject matter thereby enabling viewers to recreate the subject matter new aesthetic force which arises from their own imaginations. From this perspective,one of the aesthetic quality of Korean ceramics may be said to be the `beauty of liveliness' in which the creative force of the maker continue to live on by interacting with the implication of the viewer to result in a new creative force.

5. Cinclusion It is difficult to properly explain the characteristics and aesthetic qualities of Korean porcelain.Furthermore,if we attempt to define them in words,the terms can become an obstacle to the understanding of their essence and may contribute to an irrevocable error in determining the present and future directions of Korean ceramics. Although the past descriptions of `planlessness' and `deliberate unskillfulness' may have helped to understand one aspect of Korean ceramics,they do not help in achieving the comprehensive understanding of qualities such as the refined elegance,the pure beauty that strives towards an ideal world, and elaborate beauty achieved through technical renovation. Given that the direction of modern Korean ceramics is still at the point of reviving simplistic assessments of the past, or at the period of lost initiatives, having lost the sence of direction for the development of forms, the examination of the aesthetic qualities of Korean ceramics must occur from a broader perspective. This article,written in conjunction with EXPO `Special Homecoming and Comparison Exhibition of Korean Ceramics' is not a result of longtime investigations or an accumulation of aesthetic experience. It is simply a statement describing the author's concern for finding solutions to make tight the direction of Korean ceramics.

 

 

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