The
Characteristics and aesthetics of Korean Porcelain Choi,
Kun Chief Curator of Haegang Ceramic Museum
1.
Introduction As Koreans, we presently live in
an age when there is a need to preserve Korean
uniqueness whiled achieving worldwide universalism.
If the achievement of universalism became our
only goal, we would surrender the creative spirit
of our culture and will become mere copiers
of other advanced cultures. On the other hand,
if we only emphasize the importance of Korean
uniqueness, we would deviate from the general
world trend and it will be difficult for us
not to become isolated. Only if a workable balance
between the two can be created can we anticipate
true progress and ability to contribute to human
progress. The problem of generalization versus
uniqueness has always existed in progressive
stages of Korean ceramics. The adoption of advanced
Chinese ceramic culture was, at the time, the
best way to approach generalized world standard,
while the creation for inlaid celadon technique
was an example of unique Korean specification
which not only contributed to the development
of Korean ceramics but which became a quality
that became embraced by other cultures and further
enriched the ceramic history of the world. The
works included in this exhibition are a result
of the endeavors of the Japanese potters to
achieve generalized world standard 400 years
ago.
Endeavors certainly did become a foundation
for the establishment of present Japan. Concerning
the Japanese ceramic culture, most Koreans are
reminded with pride of the Korean potters who
were brought to Japan as prisoners 400 years
ago. At the same time, there is a tendency to
compensate for the present depression by glorifying
the past golden era. However, our efforts at
glorifying our historical heritage in order
to use it as a basis for our present comfort
and hope for the future will only result in
the distorted view of history. We can find the
true meaning that past history bestows on us
only by objectively viewing our history, and
based on such meaning, we should create an opportunity
through which we may enlarge our creative world.
2. The Formulation and Development of Korean
Porcelain Culture For a thousand years, from
the late Northern and Southern periods (mid-9th
C.) to the present time, the environment surrounding
the production of , and the society's interest
in, porcelain continuously changed. The development
of Korean porcelain can be divided into three
stages. * The First Stage (a period of celadon
for 600 years) (mid-9th C.-15th C.) The starting
point for the production of porcelain in Korea
was not much later than that of the Chinese.
Chinese porcelains were already imported and
used in parts of the country during third or
fourth centuries, when Chinese began making
early porcelains. In the eighth to ninth centuries,
Chinese porcelains became more refined and popular,
which further increased the people's admiration
for fine quality porcelain. This sort of positive
recognition and the high-level technical basis
that was achieved after the Three Kingdoms period
in Korea in making high-fired glazed earthenware
motivated Koreans to learn and execute Chinese
techniques for themselves. This postinite attitude
towards adopting Chinese ceramic technical became
the direct cause in making Korea the second
country to produce porcelain.In other words,the
main drive behind production of celadon was
self-motivated choice and endeavors. Korean
celadon,which developed as a result of such
self-motivated drive followed a different path
then that of China.The high spirituality of
the Korean peoples and their search for the
ideal Buddhist world,combined with their unique
sense of aesthetics,enabled them to achieve
techniques that made the production of Pi-saek
celadon,inlaid celadon and celadon with under
glaze copper possible.Although during such period
white porcelain,black-glazed porcelain and others
were also produced,it was celadon that reached
the highest levels of creativity and liveliness.
The Second Stage:a period of white porcelain
for 500 years (15th C.-19th C.) The first 150
years of this stage was characterized by punch'ong
ware which evolved from the inlaid celadon of
the late Koryo period(14th C.).The remainder
of the period was dominated by white porcelain
which had already appeared in the early Koryo
period (10th C.) but became further developed
in the fourteenth century due to the introduction
of Chinese white porcelain. It was a time when
the greasiest of the world trends in celadon
culture,centered upon China,was a movement towards
white porcelain from celadon.For a white,puch'ong
ware and white porcelain coexisted,but gradually
white porcelain overwhelmed punch'ong due to
the increasing demand for and use of white porcelain,so
that punch'ong disappeared after having fullfilled
its historical function mission.At first,white
porcelain was produced through the total adoption
of Chinese techniques of producing white porcelain.However,the
shapes and aesthetics were gradually altered
to suit the ideologies and customs of Choson
society.Choson white porcelain was based on
the Neo-Confucian principles of frugality and
beauty of character.Therefore,the decorative
tendencies that are character of Chinese and
Japanese aristocratic circled and which are
illustrated in their multi-glazed wares and
ostentatious gold-colored porcelains were rejected
by the conservative Koryo society.Of course,it
was only thus natural that,Choson plain white
porcelain,which was based on ideals of spiritual
value lost its competitiveness in the modern
era which most values mercantilism,and almost
disappeared. Although various types of ceramics
appeared and disappeared during this period,such
as punch'ong Choson celadon,celadon with white
clay,black porcelain,and ash-glazed stoneware,it
was white porcelain that dominated the ceramics
culture. .

The Third Stage:A period of loss
of the initiative for 100 years (20th C.) It
can be claimed that this was a period when loss
of initiative took place,and that during this
time the center of world ceramic culture moved
away from the East Asian region to the European
countries.The first half of the period was a
dark era during which involuntary changes compelled
by frequent warfare,the transformation from
a agricultural to an industrial society,and
conflicts of ideologies were imposed in the
society during a short period of time.Thus,ceramic
culture fell into a market of mercantilism dominated
by the European countries instead of being further
advanced through new investigations. The main
goals of the Korean society during the later
part of the period were simply industrialization
and modernization.Although since 1950s,there
has been some effort by a number of pioneering
intellectuals to revive and improve our heritage,and
potters who receive professional training at
academics are being turned out,the current Korean
ceramics culture has not yet gone beyond the
period of lost initiative. As reviewed thus
far,during the first and second of the three
developmental stages,Koreans selectively and
positively accepted Chinese ceramic culture
in order to further their own progress.However,the
third stage was a time when we were forced to
follow trends without being allowed to go through
the stage of self-motivation and determination.
Therefore,to enlighten the characteristics of
Korean ceramic culture,we must pay attention
to the first and second stages,not the third
stage(involuntary period). 3.Characteristics
of Korean Porcelain Physical,formal and social
aspects are used in the evaluating of the traits
of porcelain.when some elements are special
of superior relative to others,they may be isolated
and classified as characteristics.Of course,when
the three elements are organically harmonized
and balanced,these works are eligible as objects
for aesthetic evaluation.For an analysis of
the social determinant,please refer to the previous
article` The History of Korean Ceramics',as
well as chapter II of this article. 1) The Physical
Characteristics The physical characteristics
that are determined by the materials and techniques
used in the production of porcelain are many,but
the most notable trait in connection with Chinese
ceramics is the color and quality of the glaze
and clay. Although,the glazes of Korean celadon,punch'ong
and white porcelain are somewhat different from
each other,they are largely similar in their
clear and transparent quality.The color of celadon
is a mixture of the color and quality of the
glaze and clay. Although, the glazes of Korean
celadon, qunch'ong and white porcelain are somewhat
different from each other, they are largely
similar in their clear and transparent quaility.
The color of celadon is a mixture of the color
of grayish blue clay seen through a greenish,
translucent glaze. The color of punch'ong and
white porcelain are revealed similarity through
a transparent glaze. However, in the case of
Chinese celadon, glaze has its own color, usually
being semi-transparent or opaque, so that the
color of the clay rarely shows through the color
of the gauze. Thus, the color of Chinese celadon
is the color of its glaze, giving it a feeling
of coolness and rigidity. On the other hand,
the color of Korean celadon is called the color
of glaze atop clay. The surface tone is thus
soft and warm since the glaze radiates the color
of the clay underneath. In that the color of
Korean celadon achieves depth while revealing
the quality of clay, owing to the effect of
its translucent glaze, it is a unique physical
trait of Koryo celadon that contrasts with the
opaque character of Chinese celadon. In the
twelfth century, the color of glaze and clay
in Koryo celadon was called Pi-saek (jade color)differentiating
it from the Pi-saek (secret color)of Chinese
celadon, In China, Koryo celadon's Pi-saek was
regarded as the best in the wold, even ranking
above the famous chinese celadons from Yao-chou,
Lin-ju and Yueh-chou. The trait of Korean celadon
revealing the quality of clay is suitable for
carving patterns on the surface. The delicate
expression created by the use of incised and
raised carvings, creation of the inlaid technique
using black and white clays, and the underglaze
copper red method used with oxidized copper
are the results of having deep concern for the
harmonizing glaze and clay. The tradition of
combining glaze and clay was continued in the
production of to punch'ong and white porcelain.
The effect of inlaid punch'ong, under glaze
white slip, under glaze blue, under glaze iron,
and under glaze copper in white porcelain are
evidences of the physical trait of Korean ceramics
which aim to reveal the essence of translucent
glaze, clay and pigments.

2) The Formative Characteristics
Prior to the advent of porcelain, the general
use of potteries spread with primary emphasis
on their practical value. Therefore, the modeling
of potteries was determined by factors such
as easiness in production, daily functional
value, mass production, and cheapness, which
were earned through experience and long practice.
However, porcelains which was later introduced,
were created on the baas of new aesthetic onceptions
of the users who constiuted the upper class
of society. The model of Koryo celadon in the
progressive period (10th C.)was derived from
the shapes of stonewares, metalworks, and Chinese
porcelains. The shapes of punch'ong and early
white porcelain were also imitated from various
models such as celadon, metalworks, stonewares
and celadon formed vertical lineage in that
such relationship signified the passage of shared
tradition in forms. However, in terms of lateral
relationship, the metalworks and Chinese porcelains
were of the particularties of Korean form in
that they represented shapes that were new to
the tradition that became accomodated. These
individual formative elements, developed from
various models, began to unify and harmonize
throughout the periods of celadon (11th C.)and
white porcelain (after late 15th C.). The sharpness
and meticulousness in structure that are characteristics
of metalworks, expansive voluminousness of Chinese
porcelains, and their perfect decorative tendency
together with a formative quality of stone wares,
which were obtained through a lifetime of experiences,
were well harmonized into the smooth and voluminous
natures, and elimination of excessive ornamentation
and unnecessary structures through moderation
and abbreviation. Moderation, one of the formative
characteristics of Korean porcelain, does not
refer to the discarding of the essence of forms
by excessive abbreviation or simplification
but it signifies an emphasis on the essence
of form by elimination excessive exaggeration
and unnecessary ornamental elements. This kind
of attitude aims at accommodation the physical
nature of clays and allowing porcelains to achieve
formative characteristics that are most true
to porcelain. 4. The Aesthetics of Lorean Porcelain
There are various views concerning the aesthetical
impression theat Korean porcelain gives, depending
on the individual taste and tendencies of viewers.
Concerning forms, there are phrases about 'the
beauty of plainness,' 'the beauty of naturalness',
and 'the beauty of desolation.' These expressions
do not refer to celadon, punch'ong and white
porcelain in their mature stages but appeared
to be reserved for the immature Korean porcelains
whichclearly differ from the Chinese and Japanese
porcelains when compared to their meticulousness
and perfection in terms of form. However,`plainness',`generous
largess e'and`tendency towards naturalness 'are
generalized characteristics and cannot be made
traits of beauty than are representative of
Korean porcelain.Rather,the characteristic beauty
that appears at the mature stage of Korean porcelain
is that of the elegance and ideal beauty that
define Korean celandine,and the beauty of purity
achieved in white porcelain. The descriptions
of painlessness and deliberate unskillfulness
also describes general tendencies in ordinary
artwork and are not suitable as expressions
that explain celadon,punch'ong and white porcelain
that require a high level of knowledge and complicated
technical skills. Of coures,it is difficult
to define the aesthetic quality which remains
constant in Korean porcelain.However,such quality
may be divided and expalined in terms of the
tendency towards investigating the essence of
nature and the beauty of liveness that passes
from the porrers to the viewer,based on the
two comparative characteristics which were discussed
in the foregoing chapter. 1) The Beauty of Naturalness
There are various meanings that may be attributed
to the concept of naturalness,such as naturalness
as contrary to artificiality,contrary to compulsion,contrary
to prohibition,etc.The beauty of naturalness
in ceramicart is a general characteristic which
is not unique to Korean ceramics but is a trait
that is found in ceramics made in any localities
of the world.Chinese Yueh-chou celadon,Japanese
Hizen ware,and Italian Maiolica painted ware
are characterized by their own qualities of
naturalness.By naturalness as used in this article,it
is meant to signify the characteristic that
is unique to clay as a material:in other words,the
essence of clay,as part of nature. In the previous
chapter,it was clarified that the physical and
formative characteristics of Korean porcelain
lie in the complete revealation of the nature
of clay resulting from the use of transparent
glaze,and the form that adapted to the qualities
of clay without exaggeration or over-extension.In
particular,Chinese celadon[see plate1]shows
expanding volume and sharp lines in form but
Korean celadon [see plate2] which is similar
in form shows tendencies towards reduction of
excessive voluminousness and smoothing of the
sharpness in lines. These changes resulted from
favoring tendency towards adjusting and accommodating
the nature of clay. The formative characteristic
that is common not only to Koryo celadon but
also to punch'ong and white porcelain,in their
most flourished moment,is the beauty of naturalness
that sought to respect and investugate the qualities
of the natural materials,the realization of
which remained a constant aim of Korean ceramics.
2) The Beauty of Liveliness Although ceramics
are physical objects in terms of daily use,they
can be sublimated into living objects if spiritual
values are attributed to them. The world trend
in ceramics aimed at a perfection of structure
combined with meticulous decorativeness together
with a concern for the function of ceramics
as craft decorations for the beautification
of daily living conditions.Such tendency may
be a required cindition of an industrial society,but
is incomplete as an artistic goal. Instead of
pursuing the structural perfection and elaborate
decoration as were the cases in Chinese and
Japanese ceramics,Korean porcelains were characterized
by simple patterns and broad empty spaces. The
empty space emphasized the meaning of patterns
and reserves a place for the aesthetic experience
that may by gained through unlimited infinited
imagination. The aesthetic keypoint in a celadon
made in the midtwelfth century[see plate3] is
simple patterns which were generally carved
at the lower part,and the broad unfilled space.The
patterns lyrically suggest the eternal aesthetic
emotion felt for an ideal world that viewers
are longing for; while the unfilled space brings
the patterns into the context of a broader space
and plays the symbolic role of recalling the
life force of the universe.In comparision,Chinese
Ting-yao white porcelain [see plate4 ] of the
same period is close to perfection in terms
of its sharp and desciplined form and meticulousness
in the structure of patterns, but such perfection
implies the completeness of creativeness process
at the hands of the maker and does not leave
room for the viewers to recreate their aesthetic
emotions through their imagination. Chinese
and Japanese five-colored porcelain of the eighteenth
century [ see plate 5,6 ] also shows the rigid
division of surface,and their patterns generally
either accurately repeat a subject or perfectly
poryray dramatic scenes. This tendency promises
a successful ornamental effect but limits aesthetic
feeling to that of the potter which viewers
can only share and not create. However,Korean
porcelain[see plate7]seeks the essence of beauty
by eliminating unnecessary elements from the
subject matter thereby enabling viewers to recreate
the subject matter new aesthetic force which
arises from their own imaginations. From this
perspective,one of the aesthetic quality of
Korean ceramics may be said to be the `beauty
of liveliness' in which the creative force of
the maker continue to live on by interacting
with the implication of the viewer to result
in a new creative force.

5. Cinclusion It is
difficult to properly explain the characteristics
and aesthetic qualities of Korean porcelain.Furthermore,if
we attempt to define them in words,the terms
can become an obstacle to the understanding
of their essence and may contribute to an irrevocable
error in determining the present and future
directions of Korean ceramics. Although the
past descriptions of `planlessness' and `deliberate
unskillfulness' may have helped to understand
one aspect of Korean ceramics,they do not help
in achieving the comprehensive understanding
of qualities such as the refined elegance,the
pure beauty that strives towards an ideal world,
and elaborate beauty achieved through technical
renovation. Given that the direction of modern
Korean ceramics is still at the point of reviving
simplistic assessments of the past, or at the
period of lost initiatives, having lost the
sence of direction for the development of forms,
the examination of the aesthetic qualities of
Korean ceramics must occur from a broader perspective.
This article,written in conjunction with EXPO
`Special Homecoming and Comparison Exhibition
of Korean Ceramics' is not a result of longtime
investigations or an accumulation of aesthetic
experience. It is simply a statement describing
the author's concern for finding solutions to
make tight the direction of Korean ceramics.
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